{"type":"FeatureCollection","features":[{"geometry":{"type":"MultiPolygon","coordinates":[[[[-1.55876,55.247684],[-1.558804,55.247728],[-1.558842,55.247716],[-1.558799,55.247671],[-1.55876,55.247684]]]]},"type":"Feature","properties":{"entry-date":"2020-09-09","start-date":"2020-09-08","end-date":"","entity":42153077,"name":"Druridge Bay Pillbox","dataset":"listed-building-outline","typology":"geography","reference":"1471214","prefix":"listed-building-outline","organisation-entity":"220","quality":"authoritative","notes":"Summary Pillbox, erected 1940-41; disguised as a vernacular cottage. Reasons for Designation This pillbox, erected in 1940-41, is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons: Architectural interest: * an individually designed pillbox carefully and ingeniously camouflaged as a ruined vernacular cottage; * it illustrates good attention to constructional detail, built as a roofless ruin with walls of differing heights, creating the impression of a ruined civilian building; * an exemplary example of a Second World War pillbox that retains its original character and functional legibility. Historic interest: * as an extant manifestation of the precautions taken to repel an invading force during the early and critical stages of the Second World War; * part of a coherent and legible group of coastal anti-invasion defence works forming an important defensive line against the threat of an enemy invasion. Group value: * with two listed buildings at the nearby Hemscott Hill Farm. History Pillboxes are small fortified structures constructed as part of British anti-invasion preparations, being placed at strategic locations such as river crossings, or along coastal and inland anti-invasion `stop lines? intended to slow down the progress of an attacking force. Some were designed for rifles or light machine guns; others, more unusually, housed larger artillery. The earliest examples of pillboxes date from the First World War, when a small number were constructed along the coast, but the concept was developed in the early stages of the Second World War, when many thousands were built, though only a limited proportion survive. The majority of these are standard designs which were issued in June and July 1940 by the War Office Directorate of Fortifications and Works. There were around 12 standard designs formed from reinforced concrete, but basic designs were also adapted to local circumstances and available building materials. Additionally there were completely individual designs, some of which were disguised to resemble a quite different non-military structure. This pillbox is situated within the anti-invasion Defence Area of Druridge Bay. A national study of Second World War anti-invasion landscapes in England was undertaken by the Council for British Archaeology between 2002 and 2004. It defined a number of `Defence Areas? comprising coherent and legible groupings of anti-invasion defence works that survive well within landscapes largely unchanged from those of 1940-1941. The level sandy beach at Druridge Bay was considered to be exceptionally vulnerable to an attack by enemy landing craft, and was the most critical point at the centre of the defence positions occupied by the 162nd Infantry Brigade, defending the Northumberland coast during the critical invasion danger period of June to September 1940. The defence of Druridge Bay was organised by front-line firing positions, including pillboxes, situated amongst the sand dunes overlooking the beach. Anti-tank cubes were positioned in almost continuous lengths along the beach, but blocking in particular the exits between the dunes where they were arranged in two and sometimes three lines. From 1941, these were supplemented by anti-tank scaffolding, normally placed in front of the concrete cubes, but sometimes behind. An anti-tank ditch was dug at the back of the dunes, and minefields were laid. Details Pillbox, 1940-1941. MATERIALS: yellow sandstone, with concrete embrasures and roof, and a red-brick blast wall and chimney stack. EXTERIOR: it is situated by the side of a minor road on an elevated coastal site, facing east over Druridge Bay. It is of non-standard type and takes the form of a rectangular pillbox with a flat roof disguised as a vernacular, ruined, single-storey cottage. Its stone walls are irregularly coursed with prominent quoins, and there is a tall brick-built chimney stack to the north gable. The west side facing onto the road stands to eaves height and has a centrally-placed entrance with a stone lintel and stone-block jambs, which is flanked to either side by a small gun embrasure. The left return stands to gable height and has a single concrete gun embrasure disguised as a stone window opening, and the right return is more ruinous and has an identical window and embrasure. The rear wall facing the coast is blind apart from a single concrete gun embrasure also disguised as a stone window opening. It has a flat concrete roof. Each embrasure has a recess to take the timber frames of mock windows INTERIOR: a longitudinal red-brick blast wall divides the interior into two, with access to the front of the structure around either end. The roof is of corrugated concrete and the walls are exposed stone. The three large concrete rifle embrasures have concrete shelves serving as elbow rests. Sources Websites CBA report on anti-invasian defences in England, accessed 22-06-2020 from https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/defended_cba_2005/downloads.cfm Defence of Britain Archive CBA 2202, updated 2006, accessed 16-06-2020 from https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/dob/ai_full_r.cfm?refno=7011 Legal This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest.","listed-building":"1471214"}},{"geometry":{"type":"MultiPolygon","coordinates":[[[[-2.313742,55.642442],[-2.313811,55.64245],[-2.314142,55.642363],[-2.314149,55.642368],[-2.31422,55.64235],[-2.31422,55.642341],[-2.314296,55.642324],[-2.314247,55.642266],[-2.313991,55.642334],[-2.314031,55.642386],[-2.313954,55.642408],[-2.313915,55.642361],[-2.313815,55.642388],[-2.313747,55.64231],[-2.31381,55.642293],[-2.313812,55.642302],[-2.313856,55.64229],[-2.313854,55.64228],[-2.313915,55.642264],[-2.313851,55.642188],[-2.314149,55.642103],[-2.314119,55.642069],[-2.314092,55.642075],[-2.314079,55.642059],[-2.314046,55.642066],[-2.314035,55.642053],[-2.313974,55.64207],[-2.313985,55.642084],[-2.313804,55.642132],[-2.3138,55.642148],[-2.313762,55.642154],[-2.313754,55.642143],[-2.313693,55.642158],[-2.313704,55.64217],[-2.313655,55.642183],[-2.313647,55.642174],[-2.313578,55.642191],[-2.313569,55.642178],[-2.313483,55.6422],[-2.313492,55.642212],[-2.31345,55.642222],[-2.313462,55.642235],[-2.313425,55.642244],[-2.313414,55.642233],[-2.31336,55.642248],[-2.313349,55.642262],[-2.313284,55.642279],[-2.313325,55.64233],[-2.313299,55.642337],[-2.313348,55.642392],[-2.31338,55.642384],[-2.31339,55.642394],[-2.313424,55.642388],[-2.313443,55.642409],[-2.313481,55.6424],[-2.313453,55.642366],[-2.313516,55.642379],[-2.313554,55.64237],[-2.31356,55.642341],[-2.313644,55.642317],[-2.313742,55.642442]]],[[[-2.313986,55.642175],[-2.314082,55.642296],[-2.314263,55.64225],[-2.314165,55.642128],[-2.313986,55.642175]]],[[[-2.31438,55.642314],[-2.314524,55.642277],[-2.3145,55.642247],[-2.314463,55.642256],[-2.314366,55.642141],[-2.314264,55.64217],[-2.31438,55.642314]]]]},"type":"Feature","properties":{"entry-date":"2022-03-02","start-date":"2021-04-23","end-date":"","entity":42153078,"name":"Carham Hall And Outbuildings","dataset":"listed-building-outline","typology":"geography","reference":"1475725","prefix":"listed-building-outline","organisation-entity":"220","quality":"authoritative","notes":"Amended 1 March 2022 Summary Country house, mid-C19 for Richard Hodgson Huntley, extended and altered in about 1920 to designs of James Bow Dunn. Tudor Revival style with some Jacobethan details. Reasons for Designation Carham Hall, mid-C19 for Richard Hodgson-Huntley, extended about 1920 to designs of James Bow Dunn, is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons: Architectural interest: * a good example of an evolved English country house, which compares favourably to numerous other Grade II listedcountry houses in England; * its Tudor Revival design is enlivened by pointed and shaped gables, mullioned windows and multiple tall chimney stacks, which combine to produce a handsome principal elevation; * the accomplished west extension incorporates subtle and elegant detailing, and is a good example of the later work of the significant Scottish architect James Bow Dunn; * there is a range of original interior fixtures and fittings including good quality mid-C19 and early-C20 joinery and plasterwork, and ground floor fireplaces; * the interior decorative cheme incorporates re-used C16 and C18 high-quality elements including C16 linenfold panelling, medallion panels and timber overmantle; * the hierarchy inherent in the mid-C19 household, and continued through to the C20 is well-expressed in its legible plan form and retained fixtures and fittings that identify the function of the spaces. Group value: * it benefits from group value with St Cuthbert?s Church, designed in 1790 by Richard Hodgson of Carham Hall, which retains several C19 and C20 memorials to the memory of former owners and their families, demonstrating a clear historical functional relationship. History There has been speculation as to whether a medieval tower stood on the site of Carham Hall, but there is no firm evidence that this was the case. The estate was purchased in 1745 by Anthony Compton who probably built the three-storey classical house that features in an 1819 engraving by J P Neale. In about 1790 Richard Hodgson of Carham Hall designed the nearby parish church. Carham Hall is depicted on successive county maps of Northumberland (Armstrong (1769), Fryer (1820) and Greenwood (1828)), and in more detail on the Tithe Map of 1843, which also depicts outbuildings in a rear court. After the estate passed to Richard Hodgson Huntley (1812-1877) Carham Hall was rebuilt in its present Tudor Revival form; the architect is not known. While there are conflicting accounts of its exact date of construction, Ordnance Survey (OS) maps are clear that it was built between 1843 and 1860. It is possible that parts of the earlier house and an outbuilding might have been incorporated within this mid-C19 rebuilding. Richard Hodgson-Huntley was Member of Parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed, and later for Tynemouth and North Shields. He was also a railway promoter and a director of the North British Railway, and was appointed High Sherriff of Northumberland in 1877. His reputation became tarnished somewhat when he resigned from the former for financial impropriety. It has been suggested that further additions were made to the hall in about 1870, but it is unclear what these included, and the OS map revision of 1898 essentially depicts the same footprint as that published in 1862, with only minor modifications. The Scottish architect James Bow Dunn was employed at Carham Hall around about 1913 to 1914, although the purpose of this commission is unclear. In about 1920 a new west wing was constructed to designs of James Bow Dunn when the hall was purchased by the Cayley family. Alterations and additions at the same time included a north porch, stair and stair hall and the installation of much re-used C16 and C17 panelling. Between 1898 and 1920 an elevated service court was added to the rear, and the mid-C19 coach house received a rear stable extension. A pair of bell boards in the servant areas, probably post-dating the 1920 extension, show that the hall comprised ten bedrooms and seven bathrooms, work room, dining room, drawing room, library, school room, business room, a servant?s hall, main hall and stair hall. In 1939 Carham Hall was purchased by Lady Straker-Smith, and we understand that various internal alterations were made. Between 2008 and 2020 the building operated as a residential care homeand saw internal alterations including the insertion of en-suite bathrooms to the west wing and the first floor of the east wing, the insertion of a lift, asbestos fire protection (some of which has been removed) and some fire doors. The former detached rear coach house was also integrated into the main hall by the addition of a narrow link, and its upper floor converted to bedrooms. Since 2020 some soft stripping has taken place including the removal of most radiators and all first and second floor fireplaces. James Bow Dunn (1861-1930) was a significant Scottish architect, articled in 1876 to James Campbell Walker. He travelled in Europe, and around 1885 began working at Edinburgh in the Burgh Engineer's Department. In 1887 he began a private practice and from 1894 to 1903 was in partnership with James Finlay. He was admitted FRIBA in 1905.The earlier part of his career was based firmly on Edinburgh and Scottish commissions; many have been listed and the Grade A listed offices and print works of The Scotsman in Edinburgh (1899-1902; listed building reference LB30143) is considered outstanding. Dunn later established an office in Northumberland and began to specialise in country houses. He is an accomplished and well-regarded architect. Details Country house, mid-C19 for Richard Hodgson-Huntley, extended and altered in about 1920 to designs of James Bow Dunn. Tudor Revival style with some Jacobethan details. MATERIALS: the hall is of close-jointed, coursed buff sandstone with a variety of hammer-dressed finishes, and has local pink sandstone ashlar dressings; the roof is of Westmorland slate. The outbuildings are of random sandstone with Welsh slate roofs and ashlar dressings. PLAN: a linear building situated on the south bank of the River Tweed facing south across the park, with an original main south entrance, and a secondary main north entrance. It comprises a double-depth east range with a spinal corridor separating living accommodation to the south and service areas to the north. An attached west range now extends northwards into the rear coach house. To the rear is a service court including former stables, barn, coachhouse and laundry, entered through a main north entrance. A detached kennels building lies outside to the west. EXTERIOR: the house has an eaves cornice and stone finials to the gabled sections. Windows are mostly stone mullions or mullion and transoms within stone surrounds with integral lintels and sills. Roofs are pitched with kneelers, ridge copings and multiple tall corniced ridge stacks. The mid-C19 part also has a continuous moulded stone band. Window frames are timber to the mid-C19 part and metal-framed to the west wing. The main (south) elevation can be divided into four irregular sections for ease of description, each of two stories plus attics. The most easterly three sections comprise the mid-C19 phase and the most westerly section comprises the early-1920s phase. The easternmost section has a projecting, gabled double-height canted bay window of five lights; the gabled section is chamfered and bears a stone crest. The second section to the left has a Tudor-arched entrance with an overlight, and a projecting gabled bay with double-height bay windows, and an attic window within an elaborate stone surround. The third section has a projecting, gabled double-height central bay with four-light windows to each floor and a stone crest to the apex. The fourth and most westerly section has an end gabled bay with metal-framed four-light windows to each floor, and to the right are three bays with half dormers with ornately carved shaped gables; the most easterly of these is a three-light oriel window; decorative carving is in the form of floral motifs and floral plaques. The right return h0001","listed-building":"1475725"}},{"geometry":{"type":"MultiPolygon","coordinates":[[[[-1.790193,54.997119],[-1.790214,54.997121],[-1.790216,54.99711],[-1.790194,54.997108],[-1.790193,54.997119]]]]},"type":"Feature","properties":{"entry-date":"2022-12-12","start-date":"2022-12-06","end-date":"","entity":42153079,"name":"Milestone 7","dataset":"listed-building-outline","typology":"geography","reference":"1483329","prefix":"listed-building-outline","organisation-entity":"220","quality":"authoritative","notes":"Milestone 7 Location Description: Adjacent to the north boundary wall of Thornlea Cottage, Tulip Mews, Heddon-on-the-Wall, Northumberland, NE15 0DR Summary Military milestone, erected between mid-1751 and 1758 as part of the military road linking Newcastle to Carlisle, built in response to the second Jacobite Rising of 1745. Reasons for Designation This milestone erected between 1751 and 1757, is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons: Architectural Interest: * a rare, well-preserved, early example of a milestone sited in its original location, its simplicity being characteristic of its C18 date and military origins; * it remains fully legible and unusually it only shows distances from one direction i.e. from Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Historic interest: * the milestone is illustrative of a major military investment in the defences of the North of England in the mid-C18, in response to the Second Jacobite Rising of 1745. Group value: * it benefits from a strong functional, historical and spatial group value with the contemporary listed Grade II Milestones 11 and 15, which are situated further to the west along the Military Road. History Milestone 7 marks the distance in miles from the west gate of Newcastle upon Tyne to this point along the military road constructed between Newcastle and Carlisle from 1751 to 1757. Known as the Military Road, currently partly reused by the B6318 and the B6528, the need for it was identified by Field Marshall George Wade (1673-1748), following his failure to intercept the Jacobite army of Charles Edward Stewart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) in November 1745. Wade was at Newcastle when the Jacobites marched from Edinburgh, taking Carlisle on the 15th and moving onwards to reach Manchester by the 23rd. Meanwhile, Wade left Newcastle for Carlisle on the 16th but had been forced to halt at Hexham by poor roads and snow, returning to Newcastle by the 22nd, without ever having made contact with the Jacobites. Although the road is now often associated with him, Wade was not involved in its construction as he died in 1748. The route of the Military Road was surveyed in 1749 and was estimated to cost in the region of #22,450. Following an Act of Parliament in 1751, construction work was contracted-out to two civilian companies, who completed the road in 1757. The first 48km follows the alignment of Hadrian's Wall, with much of the stone used for hardcore being quarried from the historic structure itself, which caused considerable disquiet among antiquarians at the time. The total cost of the road was #22,680, shared by the Cumberland and Northumberland commissioners; this figure included the purchase of land, dry stone boundary walling, stone bridges, the construction of 14 tollhouses, and erection of milestones along the length of the road, in accordance with the Act of Parliament. The original milestones were all slender stone posts and as the principal garrison was housed at Newcastle, the distances marked on them were only given from Newcastle?s west gate. Milestone 7 is sited in its original position on the southern verge of a minor road that was once part of the main A69 between Newcastle and Hexham, until the village was by-passed in the 1970s, and this section of road was closed to through traffic. It is situated within the Hadrian's Wall World Heritage Site and lies within one of the scheduled areas for Hadrian's Wall. It is shown on the 1864 25-inch Ordnance Survey map (surveyed 1860) and is labelled as 'Old Milestone' on the 1897 edition, as it had been superseded by a metal milestone sited on the turnpiked road about 380m to the east on Great Hill, which shows seven miles from the centre of Newcastle. Details Military milestone, erected between mid-1751 and 1758 as part of the military road linking Newcastle to Carlisle, built in response to the second Jacobite Rising of 1745. MATERIALS: sandstone. DESCRIPTION: situated on the southern verge of the Military Road, formerly part of the B6318 and at one time a section of the A67. The stone pillar stands about one metre high and has a narrow rectangular section approximately 30cm by 15cm with a chamfered rounded upper surface. The face has a roughly punched-tooled surface and is inscribed '7' , representing the distance in miles from the west gate of Newcastle upon Tyne to this point in the mid-C18. The rear of the pillar is hidden from view against a garden wall (the garden wall is excluded from the listing). Sources Legal This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest.","listed-building":"1483329"}},{"geometry":{"type":"MultiPolygon","coordinates":[[[[-1.59285,55.472162],[-1.592967,55.472268],[-1.593046,55.472244],[-1.592945,55.472138],[-1.59285,55.472162]]]]},"type":"Feature","properties":{"entry-date":"2024-08-14","start-date":"2023-11-10","end-date":"","entity":42153080,"name":"Smokehouse, Craster","dataset":"listed-building-outline","typology":"geography","reference":"1486186","prefix":"listed-building-outline","organisation-entity":"220","quality":"authoritative","notes":"Summary of Building Smokehouse, mid-C19, possibly part converted from an existing building. Reasons for Designation The Smokehouse, Craster, of 1853, is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons: Architectural interest: * it is a significant survival of an increasingly rare building type that was once a common feature of C19 coastal towns, but has proved vulnerable to demolition and alteration; * externally it is well-preserved and illustrates key smokehouse features, including its characteristic form of a tall, narrow windowless building with pantiles and roof-top smoke vents; * internally its historic integrity is retained, including the smoke-blackened chambers with wooden racks, which directly illustrate the fish-smoking process; * it compares favourably to listed examples of the building type, including those at Spittal, Whitby and Lowestoft. Historic interest: * a reminder of the once widespread north-east coast herring industry and its commercial significance in a national context. History By the C18 and early C19 Britain had possibly the world's largest fishing industry around its coast. It became a major form of commerce in the north east as cities such as Newcastle and South Shields developed, with markets and small communities thriving as important centres for fishing and fish processing. The low cost of herring made it a staple source of food for the poor and the scale of operations to support this demand was large; during the C19 and early C20, herring yards were found in practically every town and village along the north east coast. A small proportion of fresh fish was sold to local buyers in the daily fish markets while the remainder were pickled, or from the mid-C19 when smoking was introduced to the curing process, smoked, and transported to markets elsewhere. There was a sharp decline of the herring business along the east coast in the 1920s and 1930s causing the bankruptcy of many firms during this period. Craster has long been associated with the fishing and fish curing trades, and curing may well have taken place before the purpose-built yards were created. In the C19 and early C20 several Craster inhabitants were employed in fish-curing yards preparing, pickling and smoking herring or as coopers for the export trade to Europe. Boulmer?s Directory of 1887 lists four fish curers, including William Archbold who was also a grocer and cod liver oil manufacturer, and Robert Grey who was also victualler at the Jolly Fisherman's Inn. The four yards were closely located and lay to either side of Haven Hill including the existing Robson?s Yard ('top' yard) and the 'bottom' yard on the foreshore (demolished). By 1889 it is understood that Messrs Cormack & Son were the main herring curers. Robson's Smokehouse, is thought to have been constructed by the Craster family in 1856. The presence of skew stones on the gable ends of part of the building is usually seen as an early feature in vernacular buildings in Northumberland, and could suggest that this part of the smokehouse was created out of an existing building. The 1:10,560 Ordnance Survey map surveyed in 1861 depicts the smokehouse as part of one range of four building ranges placed around a large, central open yard. James William Robson who worked in a kipper yard in Newton moved to Craster at the end of the C19 to work in what was known as the 'bottom' smokehouse for a William Archbold. James Robson subsequently bought the 'top' yard from the Craster family in 1906 and and his son Luke Robson established the business in what became Robson's Smokehouse. The smokehouse has remained in the same family to the present day, and the kippers are produced in the traditional way. Herring are hung on tenter hooks and placed in the smoke rooms for 16 hours where they are smoked by fires on the ground below of whitewood shavings and oak sawdust. The roof and vents have been renewed over the years, as have the doors to the smoke rooms. Details Smokehouse, mid-C19, possibly part converted from an existing building. MATERIALS: locally quarried whin stone with roughly cut dressings in the same stone; pantile roof covering; timber slats vents. PLAN: rectangular, divided internally into two double and one triple smoke rooms with a fuel store to the left end. EXTERIOR: stone-built full-height building beneath pitched roofs of pantiles with smoke vents. The elevation facing the main road is of at least two phases: the right end comprises a tall, narrow building with a rubble plinth, a steeply-pitched roof and rough quoins to both ends. It has a pair of upper small window openings with crude stone lintels and sills and simple timber frames; one window is timber slatted and the other has a fixed upper pane and a louvered lower pane. There is a single timber smoke vent to either pitch with timber slats to the front. The right return is blind with reverse crow stepped gable or skew stones, and the left return also has skew stones. Attached to the left gable there is a slightly set back later addition with a shallower pitched roof and a full-length, upstanding timber slatted ridge vent; the latter has a pair of openings with timber boarded fronts. This part of the building appears to be secondary and given the difference in stonework between the lower and upper parts, the building may have been raised upon an existing stone yard enclosure wall. The rear elevation is obscured by later ranges. INTERIOR: within the later rear ranges, the lower part of the rear wall of the smokehouse is visible, pierced by several openings, all with replaced timber doors. The doors open into one triple and two double smoke rooms, with smoke blackened interiors. The timber smoking racks known locally as 'lungs' onto which the herring are hung during the smoking process are retained. The left smoke room is now used as a fuel store. Selected Sources Books and journals Linsley, S, Ports and Harbours of Northumberland, (2005) Pevsner, N, The Buildings of England: Northumberland, (1992), 248 Websites L Robson and Sons business website, accessed 04-05-2023 from https://www.kipper.co.uk/ Website of the Craster Local History Group, accessed 27-04-2023 from http://www.crasterhistory.org.uk/Walks/Robsons%20Smokehouse/Robsons%20Smokehouse.html","listed-building":"1486186"}},{"geometry":{"type":"MultiPolygon","coordinates":[[[[-1.598599,55.476854],[-1.598629,55.476902],[-1.598825,55.476862],[-1.598795,55.476813],[-1.598599,55.476854]]],[[[-1.598712,55.476652],[-1.598695,55.476656],[-1.598704,55.47667],[-1.598819,55.47665],[-1.598808,55.476631],[-1.598778,55.476635],[-1.598758,55.476593],[-1.598688,55.476607],[-1.598712,55.476652]]]]},"type":"Feature","properties":{"entry-date":"2024-08-14","start-date":"2023-10-17","end-date":"","entity":42153081,"name":"Coast Defence Chain Home Low Radar Station, Craster","dataset":"listed-building-outline","typology":"geography","reference":"1486198","prefix":"listed-building-outline","organisation-entity":"220","quality":"authoritative","notes":"Summary Second World War Chain Home Low Radar Station, 1941. Reasons for Designation Chain Home Low Radar Station, Craster, erected in 1941, is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons: Architectural interest: * a substantially intact radar station that retains its two principal buildings, including the gantry base, which allows a clear understanding of how the site functioned; * as a good example of the type of small coastal radar station erected in 1941 to detect surface shipping; * the buildings retain their original plan-forms, legible room functions, and surviving fittings, such as a generator bed to the powerhouse, cable ducting and witness marks to the walls of the TXRX building, and evidence of power transmission; * the site components reflect the importance of a backup power source in ensuring an uninterrupted radar service during the Second World War. Historic interest: * a physical manifestation of war time tensions and fears, and the need for a national defence system, which resulted in the construction of a chain of radar stations to protect Britain's coast; * the Chain Home stations provided early warning of German aerial attacks, playing a crucial role in the air defence of the country during the Battle of Britain and changing the course of the Second World War. History The introduction of the aircraft as an offensive weapon provided the rationale for strategic air defence systems adopted by Britain from the early 1920s. These systems initially involved early warning, based on the visual spotting and tracking of aircraft, but developed through acoustic detection devices to radar. The principles behind radar were widely recognised by the 1930s, but British technicians were the first to translate the science - that an electromagnetic pulse reflected from an object betrays that objects position to a receiver - into a practical means of defence. Following experimental work at Orfordness and Bawdsey Research Station in Suffolk, radar developed through the initial Home Chain, a small group of stations in the extreme south-east of the country, to Chain Home Low (CHL) stations which filled gaps in low-looking cover left by the original technology. A further addition in 1941 was Coast Defence/Chain Home Low (CD/CHL), a low-cover coastal radar designed to detect surface shipping. Radar stations were designed for raid reporting, passing information to a central operations room which in turn directed fighters to intercept enemy aircraft. This system was to prove vital during the Battle of Britain and radar was constantly evolving and also played a significant role in alerting and deploying night fighters during the Blitz of 1940-41. Range and accuracy improved during the war and aided Fighter Command in their offensive sweeps over occupied Europe from 1943. Many radar stations were reused during the Cold War period for Rotor, a later development of wartime radar. Documentary research indicates that the radar station at Craster was built in late 1941 as a CD/CHL station, and it continued in operation until July 1944. The site comprised a Transmitter and Receiver (TXRX) block and a stand-by set-house or power-house to provide an emergency power supply for the TR block. Accommodation and service buildings (nissan huts) were situated on the inland side of the heugh, and wider protection was provided by a series of gun posts, some predating the establishment of the radar site. The perimeter of the compound was defined by a series of barbed wire entanglements. The facility would have been powered by a mains electricity supply, which in this case might have been provided from the village via underground cables. The site was normally operated by one Non Commissioned Officer, and 12 Other Ranks, in three watches of four men plus, who were Coast Observer Detachments. In addition there were two cooks and nine guards. The station reported plots and observations to the Commander Fixed Defences (CFD) Tyne. Subsequently, accommodation and service blocks were used to house Italian Prisoners of War until 1947. By 1964 the site had been largely cleared leaving only the operational and generator building standing. Details Second World War Chain Home Low Radar Station, 1941. MATERIALS: shuttered reinforced concrete. PLAN: situated on top of a whinstone escarpment which slopes gently down to the sea from a high point about 150m from the shore. There are two buildings: a rectangular transmit and receive block (TXRX), and set about 25m to the south is an irregular T-shaped stand-by generator. TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER BLOCK: situated on the highest point of the escarpment, roughly oriented east-west, standing about 3m high allowing the former aerial array a clear sweep of the coastline. EXTERIOR: There are four window openings in the south side, one in the east and west sides, and two in the north side; doorways are placed in the west and north sides. The window openings are all of standard size, and have lost their original blast shutters, although shutter brackets are retained to the insides. The east end of the building has a pair of concrete piers to its north and south walls. The metal frames of the former double blast door remain in situ, and a single door to the west entrance and north entrance remains. To all but the north wall there are small regularly-spaced rectangular ventilation openings. A pair of bolts in the east wall are interpreted as fixings for ladder access to the roof; the flat roof slightly extends beyond the external walls and fragments of its bitumous waterproof membrane remain. The top of the roof retains four rectangular metal plates with fixing bolts, that formed the footings for the timber and steel gantry that formerly supported the aerial array. There is evidence of the transmission of power from the room below to the roof, seen in a small, square brick chimney, concrete rendered, encasing a ceramic pipe that would have housed the turning mechanism for this transmission. INTERIOR: three compartments comprising two small end rooms flanking a larger central plotting room; the west room housed the telephones and the east housed the CHL transmitter. The end rooms are each linked to the plotting room by a doorway that retain the runners of a sliding door. The original interior paintwork remains, brown to the lower walls and cream to the upper walls and ceiling, the latter over a layer of cork chippings for noise reduction and insulation. There are no fixtures and fittings, but the positions of various pieces of equipment are legible through the remains of vertical cable housing within the walls and cable ducting within the concrete floor, and gaps in the interior paintwork forming witness marks. A concrete step up to the east window of the east room suggests this room also functioned as an observation post. The south-west corner of the building cables and wooden battens indicate the point at which the power entered the building. There is various post-war graffiti including a fishing smack of 1940s/50s style. STAND BY SET HOUSE: an irregular T-shaped building which also stands about 3m high, with a roof that slightly extends beyond the external walls. EXTERIOR: it has a concrete plinth, and is windowless, but there are vents in the walls of the generator room, four to each long wall and two to the south wall. There are two entrances of different sizes in the north wall allowing for the movement of machinery and the provision of light. Attached to the west wall is a rectangular brick and concrete sump that functioned as a wastewater drain from the water-cooled generator. INTERIOR: two compartments comprising a south generator room, and an annexe/fuel store attached to the north. The generator room retains an in-situ, concrete generator bed, set slightly off-centre, which has original fixing bolts and a water sump; a sawn-off metal exhaust pipe is embedded in the south wall of the room. An entrance between the generator room and the annexe retains much of the wooden door frame. Sources Books and journals Dobinson, C, Twentieth Century Fortific0001","listed-building":"1486198"}},{"geometry":{"type":"MultiPolygon","coordinates":[[[[-1.932256,55.402989],[-1.932241,55.402994],[-1.932239,55.403004],[-1.932262,55.403008],[-1.932351,55.402978],[-1.932368,55.402994],[-1.932387,55.402995],[-1.933695,55.402538],[-1.933702,55.402528],[-1.933658,55.402484],[-1.933664,55.402459],[-1.933707,55.402427],[-1.9342,55.40225],[-1.934279,55.402265],[-1.934324,55.402307],[-1.934341,55.402309],[-1.935253,55.401998],[-1.935344,55.401941],[-1.935485,55.401794],[-1.935508,55.401752],[-1.935518,55.401712],[-1.935518,55.401642],[-1.935505,55.401544],[-1.935514,55.401539],[-1.935513,55.401531],[-1.935558,55.401519],[-1.935575,55.401524],[-1.935588,55.401514],[-1.935333,55.401263],[-1.935312,55.40126],[-1.93522,55.401294],[-1.935217,55.401306],[-1.935447,55.401494],[-1.93548,55.401531],[-1.935472,55.40154],[-1.935488,55.401675],[-1.935483,55.401729],[-1.935468,55.401767],[-1.935361,55.401891],[-1.93527,55.401965],[-1.935155,55.402013],[-1.934341,55.402288],[-1.934298,55.40225],[-1.934212,55.402231],[-1.934185,55.402234],[-1.933678,55.402417],[-1.933634,55.402452],[-1.933626,55.402485],[-1.933665,55.402527],[-1.932384,55.402974],[-1.932365,55.402958],[-1.932351,55.402957],[-1.932256,55.402989]]]]},"type":"Feature","properties":{"entry-date":"2013-01-29","start-date":"1986-09-03","end-date":"","entity":42153082,"name":"Bridge, Terrace Wall And Gateway South And South East Of Eslington Park","dataset":"listed-building-outline","typology":"geography","reference":"1041252","prefix":"listed-building-outline","organisation-entity":"220","quality":"authoritative","notes":"WHITTINGHAM ESLINGTON PARK NU 01 SW 9/111 Bridge, terrace wall and gateway south and south east of Eslington Park GV II Bridge with approach walls, terrace retaining wall, gatepiers and gates. 1850, 1855 and 1872 for Lord Ravensworth. Ashlar, rock-faced stone and cast iron. Bridge: south-west of house. 1872. Rock-faced stone approach walls, curved in plan with square corniced end piers; north finials of combined urn and obelisk shape possibly C17 re-used. Single-span bridge on 2 segmental iron arches. Solid, panelled cast-iron parapet. 4 square stone corniced end piers with similar finials. Terrace retaining wall, 1850, stretches about 150 yards in front of the house with a large canted projection immediately south of centre of house. About 6 ft. high with rusticated corniced piers every 20 yards. Flat coping with moulded edges. Gateway, in centre of canted projection, dated 1855. Approached from south by ramp with similar retaining walls. Rock-faced rusticated bases to tall, panelled, corniced piers with large urn finials. Contemporary cast-iron gates having spearhead standards and dog bars.","listed-building":"1041252"}},{"geometry":{"type":"MultiPolygon","coordinates":[[[[-1.935355,55.403086],[-1.935405,55.403177],[-1.935469,55.403167],[-1.935418,55.403075],[-1.935355,55.403086]]]]},"type":"Feature","properties":{"entry-date":"2013-01-29","start-date":"1986-09-03","end-date":"","entity":42153083,"name":"Gateway To High Green Circa 60 Yards North Of Eslington Park","dataset":"listed-building-outline","typology":"geography","reference":"1041253","prefix":"listed-building-outline","organisation-entity":"220","quality":"authoritative","notes":"WHITTINCHAM WHITTINGHAM NU 01 SW 9/113 Gateway- to high green c.60 yards north of Eslington Park GV II Gatepiers and gate. Mid C19. Ashlar and wrought iron. Tall rusticated corniced piers with ball finials on elongated cushion bases. Gate has 3 stages. Bottom stage is a trellis, then half-rail with square spearhead standards; top rail with round palmette standards. ,","listed-building":"1041253"}},{"geometry":{"type":"MultiPolygon","coordinates":[[[[-1.934675,55.404127],[-1.93468,55.404141],[-1.933527,55.404386],[-1.933517,55.404396],[-1.933542,55.404402],[-1.934713,55.404151],[-1.934705,55.404121],[-1.934676,55.404084],[-1.936239,55.403789],[-1.93625,55.403775],[-1.935947,55.403256],[-1.935897,55.403185],[-1.935879,55.403179],[-1.933363,55.404032],[-1.93337,55.404041],[-1.933387,55.404041],[-1.933683,55.403945],[-1.935874,55.403201],[-1.935983,55.403374],[-1.936213,55.403772],[-1.934644,55.404072],[-1.934641,55.404081],[-1.934675,55.404127]]]]},"type":"Feature","properties":{"entry-date":"2013-01-29","start-date":"1986-09-03","end-date":"","entity":42153084,"name":"Kitchen Garden, Cottage And Cartshed Circa 60 Yards North Of Eslington Park","dataset":"listed-building-outline","typology":"geography","reference":"1041254","prefix":"listed-building-outline","organisation-entity":"220","quality":"authoritative","notes":"WHITTINGHAM ESLINGTON PARK NU 01 SW 9/114 Kitchen garden, cottage and cartshed c.60 yards north of Eslington Park GV II Kitchen garden walls, gateways and gates, greenhouses, cottage and cartshed. 1874 incorporating earlier fabric. Brick and random rubble with ashlar dressings. Cast-iron gate. Large walled garden with principal entry in long, 10 ft. high brick wall on south side. Gateway, dated 1874 with Ravensworth crest in panel above 4-centred- arched entry. Castellated parapet with pepper-pot finials. Gate has spearhead standards. North and west walls are of stone and in part much older. In the north wall a Tudor doorway with hoodmould. Lean-to greenhouses of 1911. In south west corner, gardener's cottage and cartshed. 2 bay cottage with boarded door and 2-light mullioned window. Diamond-paned window in gable end. Attached to rear a 3-bay cartshed with square piers. ,","listed-building":"1041254"}},{"geometry":{"type":"MultiPolygon","coordinates":[[[[-1.924219,55.403466],[-1.924133,55.403474],[-1.924182,55.403551],[-1.924195,55.403617],[-1.924282,55.403607],[-1.924243,55.403513],[-1.924219,55.403466]]]]},"type":"Feature","properties":{"entry-date":"2013-01-29","start-date":"1986-09-03","end-date":"","entity":42153085,"name":"The Lady's Bridge","dataset":"listed-building-outline","typology":"geography","reference":"1041255","prefix":"listed-building-outline","organisation-entity":"220","quality":"authoritative","notes":"WHITTINGHAM ESLINGTON PARK NU 01 SW 9/117 The Lady's Bridge II Bridge. Early C18. Ashlar. Humped-backed bridge with single segmental arch. Plain parapet, with chamfered coping, splayed out at each end. Originally the entrance bridge to Eslington Park (q.v.). Subject of a woodcut by Thomas Bewick. ,","listed-building":"1041255"}},{"geometry":{"type":"MultiPolygon","coordinates":[[[[-1.891186,55.400664],[-1.891191,55.400666],[-1.891197,55.400662],[-1.891188,55.400659],[-1.891186,55.400664]]]]},"type":"Feature","properties":{"entry-date":"2013-01-29","start-date":"1986-09-03","end-date":"","entity":42153086,"name":"Village Pant Or Well","dataset":"listed-building-outline","typology":"geography","reference":"1041256","prefix":"listed-building-outline","organisation-entity":"220","quality":"authoritative","notes":"WHITTINGHAM ROAD TO CALLALY NU 0611-0711 (North side) Whittingham Village 25/121 Village pant or well GV II Pant or well. 1865 for Baron Ravensworth. Ashlar. Square corniced rusticated column with domed top which has recently (1985) lost its ballfinial. Inscribed on east side: May this purefount perpetual streams supply To every thirsty soul that passes by, And may its crystal waters ever run Unchanged by winter's frost or summers sun. Not working at time of survey. ,","listed-building":"1041256"}}],"links":{"first":"http://www.planning.data.gov.uk/entity.geojson?organisation_entity=220&limit=10","last":"http://www.planning.data.gov.uk/entity.geojson?offset=10830&organisation_entity=220&limit=10","next":"http://www.planning.data.gov.uk/entity.geojson?offset=1370&organisation_entity=220&limit=10","prev":"http://www.planning.data.gov.uk/entity.geojson?offset=1350&organisation_entity=220&limit=10"}}